Here is the questionnaire which I will distribute to at least 20 members of my target audience.
Justification of my questions
Age - To clarify that these people are part of my target audience and that the answers they give are relevant to me.
Gender - To determine who thinks what about my ideas and if I need to change the target audience.
Favourite type of horror - What type of content do they like to see in a horror film? Then I know what type of thing to include.
Three things to expect - what conventions are expected to signify the genre. That way I can make sure to incorporate them to add appeal to the audience.
Latin title - would this be a good thing to include or is it irrelevant? I thought it was a good idea because it looks and sounds creepy but if the target audience doesn't it may just cause confusion.
Title - To get an idea of what the film could be called and what would entice the audience.
Storyline - is it any good? This was more to get an idea for a title than the actual plot, as we only need to make the opening two minutes and they don't have to necessarily contribute to the story. But they must set the tone and signify the genre.
Blood - I plan to use blood because it is so clearly linked to horror but I wanted to know the preferred way (if any) of its usage.
Sound - I don't have much idea for the music yet. This question will tell me what sort of thing to look out for when choosing a piece.
Titles - To know which is preferred. I don't want the titles to take away from the action or cause disruption.
Factors - If I had to choose one aspect to focus on which would be the most important. Also tells me what to highlight in the sequence.
I could have asked lots of questions to do with pace, shot types, characters and locations but I plan to use extremely conventional methods for these things. As they are conventions of the genre they should be fairly popular and I hope they will demonstrate my understanding or horror.
Other interests - Books such as The Hunger Games, Films such as Orphan
Habits: Quite proud of their own appearance, takes care in what they wear, likes to socialise with friends
And why have I chosen this target audience?
As my chosen genre is horror I needed to think who would find my film scary but would also enjoy it. The victim in my opening sequence is a teenage girl, someone this target audience may be able to relate to. If the character is relatable the audience may feel a sense of empathy for their situations. A lot of teenagers are also big fans of the horror genre so naturally this seems like a good age group to target.
Audience research is important to establish and understand what the audience expect. There's no point in doing something if it doesn't serve its purpose and isn't what people want to see. First a target audience must be established, then you can ask them what they want from a film. This is usually done via questionnaire.
A questionnaire is a good way to test out ideas and see what kind of response they get. Without audience research the finished product could be far from what it needs to be to be successful
The camera starts outside on a stormy night, it tracks to a window The dark lighting and grim weather sets a sinister tone. A flash of lightning illumitates what is inside, an empty chair with nothing around it. The use of the lightning to light the scene is brilliant, it's a really creepy way of revealing information.
A drip of blood falls on the window, this signifies at the genre of the film strongly as blood is so heavily linked with death, which in turn is linked with the horror genre. We don't know who they are of or why they are bleeding adding intrigue.
The shot cuts to a grey stained wall inside the room with a silhouette portrait of a women hanging on it in a Gothic style frame, it appears to be bleeding. Could these be past victims and sources of the blood?This location is dark and depressing which hints that what ever goes on here isn't particularly enjoyable.
Theshot tracks down to a trickle of blood trailing down an elaborate chair, this is a subtle introduction of an item which is integral to the story. Without this an item such as a chair could be overlooked and dismissed. It drips down to the underneath and unexpectedly reveals a set up of cogs and machinery. At this point the audience doesn't know why or what it does. As the machinery turns the camera follows the blood leading to a trap door, it opens and the camera falls down a long, dark chute. This obviously isn't normal to have under a chair, it raises questions for the audience of what sinister operation is under way.
The next shot is of a mincer with meat coming out of it, the camera tracks down and starts following the blood again which is now dripping from the meat. The blood falls into water of a sewer system and swirls around. The camera then cuts to the fire of an oven, in the next shot the audience sees 8 pies cooking in a furnace with a line of blood bubbling on the shelf.
The continuation of the blood tells us that all these goings on are connected, that what ever, or more likely who ever was in the chair is now in the pies. The camera tracks out and the furnace door closes to show blood flowing down a groove in the floor into a drain. At this point we still haven't been introduced to any characters.
I like how the camera follows the journey of the blood and how that introduces the audience to the setting of the barbers chair. It symbolises death which is what will happen to any one that sits in the chair. It basically tells you the main premise of the film in a subtle way: People sit in the chair, die (well, get murdered) and get baked into pies. Blood is heavily linked with and very representative of the horror genre.
The next shot is of more blood dripping down a wall before the focus switches to a dark, rat infested sewer of blood mixed with water. The camera tracks back along the flow of water and backs out of a grate which leads to a river. This end the journey of the blood, it is discarded. No-one would ever know of the horror that lies within that basement. This adds to the chilling feel of the sequence, the fact that no one would know of what shocking activity is happening.
Enigma Codes
Questions that are raised:
Who is responsible for this?
Why would they want to kill people and make them into pies?
Who is the person from the silhouette?
Characters
We aren't introduced to any characters in this sequence. The only slight depiction of a character is from the silhouette and we don't know anything about them. They could be the antagonist, protagonist or a victim. The fact that the portrait appears to be bleeding suggests that who ever they are they aren't alive or won't be for much longer.
Locations
From the first shot of the roof tops we know that this is set in a built up area as opposed to a desolate location like the countryside.
There must be plenty of people around, this makes the premise of the film even more chilling. The fact that people could be being murdered and made into pies and everyone around it is totally oblivious.
Lighting
The lighting is very low key. The whole sequence is very dark and takes place in the dead of night. adding to the secretive feel on the piece. It suggests no one knows and no one is meant to know of what is going on behind closed doors. As all of the settings are so dark the blood really stands out highlighting the fact that it is a horror film. The lighting cast by the lightning is really effective, it illuminates the chair in a natural way. And as lightning is scary it reflects the genre nicely.
Cinematography
The shot types are quite varied. Most of the close ups pan or track out to reveal more of the scene. It gives me the feeling that there is more to be seen. The shots start of close revealing very little and then release more information but they could have stopped during any time. They could have just given us extreme close ups revealing next to nothing so why did they show the audience more? But more to the point what didn't they show the audience? Did they stop before showing something vital such as a character?
For example in this shot there could be someone just in the shadows but the information is being with held
I like how the camera was used to show points of perspective, for example when falling down the chute. Point of view shots are a good way to help the audience connect with the action and feel more involved.
Editing
The editing is fairly slow in the sequence. The shots are long but nearly all of them either pan or track so a lot is shown during the shots. The lack of fast editing makes it easier to follow and understand.
The continuity of the blood flowing is very effective, it connects all the shots and makes them flow together. This helps the audience follow the sequence and make sense of what is happening. This isn't always the case in horror films, sometimes the desired effect is to disorientate the viewer.
Sound
There is a non-diegetic music score. The music is brilliant, it starts off with organs which reminds me of a funeral march (This is quite fitting of the genre) and then falls silent. The music starts again quietly building up tension, describing what is happening in a way words never could. It changes pace when the camera goes down the chute to the basement, the sound becomes stronger as if it is saying "this is happening" where as before it was subtler and more subdued, building to a moment of realisation. Diegetic sounds include raindrops, the crashing of thunder and dripping of blood, cogs turning, the blood sizzling and the furnace door slamming shut. The sound of the thunder and blood dripping are extremely effective as they are subtle touches that are very unnerving for the audience.
Titles
The titles are presented over the action in a white font which stands out and easy to read. It is important the titles can be read, or there is not point having them there but they mustn't contradict to mood of the sequence. The first name that is not a company name is the directors, Tim Burton. Next is three of the main actors followed by the title of the film. The title is in another colour to show its importance. Following this are the supporting actors and the people such as who did the casting and music. At the end of the opening credits the director is shown again (This seems to be a trend in the opening sequences I have watched).
Story Line
An unidentified character appears to be making a scrap book, things in the book include:
Documents - he is seen covering words with black pen such as 'pregnant', 'transsexual' and 'fantasizing'. This could hint at the characters views but it creates the feeling that he is hiding something.
Photographs - the character is developing film. Examples of photos are a small boy with his eyes blacked out, a picture a person with something metal coming out of the back of their head and some one who appears to be dead an has a mutilated face. We don't know anything about them as people. This them of death and possibly torture definitely reflects the horror genre.
These very graphic images aren't shown for long, in fact the last one only flashes onto the screen for a split second.
Writing - the character is shown writing pages and pages of information. We are not shown or told what the writing is about and this is the only close up where the text is decipherable.
I can make out the phrases 'all that mankind' and 'in modern mans'. This shows a generalisation no names are mentioned, just the whole of mankind is referenced. This could be an insight into that characters personality and ideas. If he is a killer (which I assume he is from the photos and withholding information) he doesn't seem to have particular targets. The text is upside down in the sequence and shown for less than two seconds so if I was watching this without pausing and backtracking there is no way I would have picked up on it. This is disorientating and unnerving for the audience, with things flashing up so fast it is easy to miss things.
He is also adding bits of other things to his book. In this shot he is handling some hair with tweezers. This re-enforces the incredibly sinister feel of the sequence.
I assume it is hair from the person in the picture in this shot.
The whole book looks like a record, perhaps a record of his victims.
Enigma Codes
Questions that are raised:
Who is this man?
What is this book?
Who are the people in the pictures?
What happened to them and what does this character have to do with them?
Characters
There is only one character in this sequence. We don't learn who they are, where there from or really what they are doing. The only shots of the character are close ups of the hands. This means if we were to see them later in the film we wouldn't know it was them, therefore the killer, this creepy individual could be anyone.
They seem like a very isolated, lonely character, I get this impression from the locations featured in the sequence.
Locations
Not only could he be anyone, he could be anywhere. We can't see anything of the main location other than a window casting light. Another location is a dark room in which he is developing photographs. I like how there is no reference to the outside world. There is no recognisable landmarks to tell us where he is, we cant even see the view from the window which could give us a faint idea or point of reference.
Lighting
The lighting is incredibly low key. Their are lots of shadows from items illuminated by the window. I would have expected a horror film to be darker as other horror films are. Darkness and shadows are unsettling because there are endless possibilities to what could be lurking where the audience and the characters can't see. But the extreme close ups compensate for the lack of darkness because not much is shown in the shots.
Cinematography
All of the shots are close ups or extreme close ups reavealing next to nothing to the audience. We can see the character is writing but not where he is whilst writing, if he is alone or with other people. A range of angles are used. Mostly either high angle or level shots. High angle shots are used to show a better view of things, for example the pages of the book. Whilst the level shots give an ambiguity as we can't completely see the things on the table. This lack of information is typical of the horror genre because if everything about the antagonist was shown there would be no story, he would be stopped and nothing 'horrific' would happen. Something else that contributes to this is the focus. In all of these shots the background is out of focus so we can't see where he is. It withholds information from the audience.
Out of focus background gives no clues as to the characters whereabouts.
Editing
The editing is extremely fast paced to disorientate the viewer, we are not meant to understand what is going on. The transitions vary between cuts and fades. Some shots overlay each other such as when the words are being blacked out. The layering of shots is quite confusing to watch as you can't really concentrate on one nor the other.
This technique and the editing style as a whole resembles a reel of film. Things flash up in-between bits of action.
The numbers and letters don't seem to correspond to anything. They could be part of a labelling system for the scrapbooks he is making. But, the point is we don't know and aren't told and this is confusing for the audience.
None of the continuity rules such as eyeline match or shot/reverse shot were overly present. The lack of continuity adds to the confused, unstable feel.
Sound
The sound is mostly non-diegetic ambience music with noises that sound like scratched records. The scratchy noises are really strange as they don't seem to be connected to the action at all. The only dialogue is also non-diegetic and matches the action in the shot. The spoken line is 'you get me closer to god' suggesting a religious aspect to the the characters motives.
Titles
The titles are presented in a font that looks hand drawn. The white text on a black background stands out at is easy to read but the movement is quite off putting. The words sort of vibrate adding to the uneasiness of the sequence. The Title 'Se7en' is in a different font to show its importance.
When do they appear and how? All of the titles appear as white text over a black background in the same simple font. They come in to view in strips that slide together to reveal the text. I like how nothing is overcomplicated but after watching I still don't know what the film is about, who the characters are or what happens to them. This could have been rectified by placing the text over action rather that black screens. I definitely need to make more of an impact in my opening sequence.
What order do they appear in?
This is the order:
The Director - Alfred Hitchcock
The title - Psycho
Leading actors
Supporting actors
Screenplay
Other roles such as Art Direction and Special effects ect.
Assistant Director
The Director (again)
The first time Alfred Hitchcock's name is presented as 'Alfred Hitchcock's...Psycho' and the second time as 'Directed by Alfred Hitchcock'. I don't know why his name is presented twice in this different ways, it may have something to do with his involvement: he may have financed the film as well as directed it. Or maybe he was just extremely proud of his work. Other than that the order the titles are presented in doesn't jump out at me but it makes sense which I think is important.
How do they establish the genre? This opening sequence doesn't hint at the genre at all really. The simplicity of the lines moving in and out of the shot to reveal the titles is really appealing. It could represent a wonderfully simple thought process of one of the characters, perhaps the antagonist. I like the idea that the antagonist has a logic to his thought processes and that everything to him/her makes perfect sense but to the audience of other characters it is a totally alien concept, a code that needs to be cracked. And that doesn't necessarily mean its a horror film as it could also apply other genres such as thrillers. This is only what I interpret the titles to mean.
I like the simplicity of this sequence but I don't think it is a method I will be able to adopt in my sequence as I need to get across the genre strongly in the two minutes I have, something I don't believe this title sequence does.
When do they appear and how?
The names in the opening titles of Se7en all appear in the same hand drawn font, they buzz and jitter on the screen. Any words that are not names appear in a different font. Perhaps this suggests a certain importance to the character we can see, maybe he is a killer that keeps scrupulous records of his victims? Some appear between the action over black screens and others over the action, it seems to alternate between the two.
What order do they appear in?
In regards to the order of appearance: first who made and funded the film are shown, followed next by a stream of actor names. Starting with the lead roles to the less important. At 1.10 people who did the casting music, costume designing and jobs like that are shown. This leads to the all of the different producers, the writer and finally the director. I like how they end on the director, it is the last name the audience sees. Also the only words that are spoken just before his name is shown, they say 'you get me closer to god'. This could suggest so many things, one being that the director has the final say over everything, it makes me think 'he did this'. I love that. I love how I as the audience thinks he is responsible for this film.
How do they establish the genre?
The movement of the words suggest an uneasiness and that something isn't right. The shot types support this, no faces are shown giving anonymity to whoever is carrying out the actions. It gives me the feeling that what ever they are doing is sinister. The sinister feeling hints at the horror genre but it could also be a suspense thriller because its not as much scary as unnerving.
I like how the names are in a different font to the other language and I might use that technique in my sequence. Also I have taken note on the order the names in the titles appear and may use it as a guideline for my own sequence.
When we were first told of this task and our options I thought Horror is for me. But then I went on to think about it further and if it would be the best choice.
In the past we had to make film posters and I chose to make one for a Horror film. The finished product was... less than perfect. It was too light, the subjects looked too friendly and the bottom line is it wasn't scary. Given this it may pose a bad idea for me to choose the horror genre again, alternatively I have learnt from that project, I know where I went wrong and am more able to identify the conventions because of it. So it is a case of learning from my mistakes.
I find Social Dramas are quite often depressing. They feature a character that is quite often disadvantaged and are on a journey of self discovery. They have to overcome hardships to better themselves and quite often the desired result is not achieved. I love them as art films but I have to be in the right mood to watch one, they aren't films I can just turn on and relax too, they require a certain level of concentration.
I have decided to make the opening sequence of a Horror film because I think I will enjoy it more and it will play to my strengths. I am already thinking of ideas, locations, props and actors.
What are the conventions of the Horror genre? Characters - There are always victims, they are mainly females as the audience assumes them to be more vulnerable and less able to fight back than men. If the victim was a soldier with extensive knowledge of firearms and self defence it is more likely they would defeat the antagonist and there would be no film.
There is also an antagonist that they must overcome/avoid. Their appearances can be rather contrasting from one film to the next. All Superheroes look pretty similar consequently the audience knows what to expect the hero to look like in that type of movie. In contrast the villains in horror films take many different forms, this makes it even more scary for the audience because they don't know what to expect.
Mise-en-scene - The locations are usually remote areas, giving the sense that the character is totally alone and completely vulnerable. This way if the character does run into trouble (which they will, because it's a horror film) there is no one to help them. Dark, low key lighting is used so not everything is visible. This is incredibly scary because it adds the possibility that absolutely anything (or anyone...) could be present.
Sound - Ambience music is used to signify something bad is about to happen, long periods of silence are used as a form of suspense.
Editing - Slow, long shots are used to build tension and fast cuts and short shots are used to convey a sense of panic. For example whilst lurking through a supposedly deserted house lots of slow shots could be used to build suspense
Cinematography- Lots of close ups are used to show the facial expressions. Point of view shots and over the shoulder shots are used a lot, these make the audience feel more involved with the action.
The Pro's and cons of me choosing the genre
Pro's
Horror is easily definable - It is easy to identify what is scary and the conventions of horror aren't easily confused with those of other genres.
Locations are easy to find - lots of horrors take place in everyday locations to at to the realisticness of the story and add a feeling of this-could-be-real. Even if I wanted to include typically scary locations Bury St Edmunds has the fantastic ruins in the Abbey Gardens and a graveyard amoungst other things.
Con's
The line between scary and stupid - This is hard because what one person may find scary another may think its ridiculous.
An original concept - So many horror stories have been done before it will be hard to think of a storyline that hasn't.
We have finished the preliminary task and are starting on our coursework. We must produce the two minute opening sequence to either a Social realism or Horror film. Now I have the task of choosing which to do.
Social Realism What are the conventions of the Social Realism genre? Characters - They are realistic characters that the audience may be able to relate to as opposed to superheroes and millionaires that the audience may aspire to be.
Mise-en-scene - The locations are usually run down urban areas such as industrial towns and blocks of flats as the characters are usually from disadvantaged areas. It wouldn't make sense for the main character to rely on benefits but live in a gated community where everyone has a swimming pool.
Sound - The music is culturally specific. This reflects the characters background and gives the audience more of an insight into their lives and how they might react to certain situations. Editing - Tends to be slower paced. Fast cuts are used in action sequences to create a sense of speed but when not much is happening lots of slow cuts are used. Social Drama's use loads of slow cuts because quite often not much action is present in this genre, they are more about what actions mean and how they make the characters feel. Cinematography- Lots of close ups are used to show the emotions of the characters. Long establishing shots show the surroundings and perhaps isolation of the character. Unsteady camera work (not shot form a tripod) creates the feeling that the audience is present in the scene.
The Pro's and cons of me choosing the genre
Pro's
The locations are easily accessible - there are plenty of places I can get to that would be good locations for me to film.
The budget is usually low - Because it is a realistic film I will not have to pay for props, travel to locations, fancy costumes etc.
Their is no need for special effects - Social Dramas do not tend to have any special effects, this is good because I do not have access to the technology needed, or the knowledge of how to use it for that matter.
It will be hard to get across the genre in the first two minutes as the conventions could be confused with those of other genres.
Locations - I would need to film it all outside because any houses I have access to are not representable of the type of image I need to create. For example it would be unrealistic to be telling a story of a disadvantaged teen and then the viewer sees the new kitchen with all the mod cons.
I think the start of the video is considerably better than the end, specifically the section where the first character (Jack) walks through the door. I was extremely pleased with the continuity across 3 shots of the door opening and closing.
What challenges did you face?
Despite my best efforts I did not manage to secure all of the shots I needed. I filmed them all at least twice but some of the dialogue was not easy to hear and not coherent. I did not realise this whilst filming an when I did realise it was too late. To cover up the lack of shots I had to add in a fade transition to give the impression time had passed rather that the character had just approached the chair.
Evidence of the continuity techniques
180˚ Rule
This Is demonstrated through out the video by the camera staying on one side of the characters. At this point in the sequence I change the side the camera is on by showing the camera switch sides.
Eyeline match
This is shown at the start of the video when the Jack first looks around the room, the next shot is from his point of view, showing what he is seeing.
Match on action
Jack opens and walks through the door at the start, this lasts for 3 shots but the same energy and pace is kept up through out.
Shot reverse shot
I now realise that this technique was not completely present. All the character interaction was carried out with them looking directly into the camera. One shot showed Jack and Toby sitting opposite each other and where they are in relation to their surroundings so I hope that this was not too confusing for the audience.
What did I learn?
It is always better to film too much than not enough - I learnt that it is vital to film extra shots just in case some aren't good enough. When filming I made sure to film everything at least twice but it seems that was not enough. I will make sure to get loads of quality footage for my opening sequence.
Do not rush the editing - From watching the other videos I learnt that it is definitely worth taking time editing the footage because sloppy editing can make a sequence look terrible even if the cinematography is perfect. I will make sure to take my time whilst editing my opening sequence.
Music is everything - I learnt that music can dramatically change the mood of the video. My sequence doesn't have a constant backing track but I still feel it works well. I will make sure to use quality music in my opening sequence.
Location: The Foundation room
Actors: Jack and Toby
Main Props: A pen
Filming was quite hard to do, these are some of the problems I was faced with:
The background changing - because I was in a room with lots of other people that were not aware of what I was doing they had a tendency to move which would made the shots in coherent.
The noise - I planned to use the audio off the clips because back round noise was required for my video, the problem this presented was one of continuity, in some shots the noise was quieter thatn others. This may pose a problem during editing.
The tripod I was given was faulty so some angles were awkward to film.
People kept walking into my shots! - I was trying hard to make sure that the composition of my shots was all intended and nothing was just chance. This also resulted in me re-filming some other wise good takes.
People walking on to my shot
What went well?
My actors were really patient with me throughout allowing me to achieve the desired effects.
At one point I was breaking the 180 - rule by filming on the wrong side of one of my character breaking the continuity and possibly making it disorientating for the view (If I had included those shots). But luckily I realised my mistake and was able to rectify it by re-filming from the right position.
The shot from the correct side
Did I change my story board?
No, not at all. I followed it completely and filmed all of the required shots. I may have to change a few when it comes to editing depending on their quality.
I found story boarding quite a straight forward task. The hardest part is actually coming up with what needs to be shown. First I wrote a list of what would be included in each shot and how to show it, then I started drawing shot by shot.
With each picture certain information is written to help me when is comes to editing:
A brief description of the shot
The shot type and angle
Any camera movement
Music and sound affects present
Any dialogue and whether it is diegetic (sound the characters can here) or non-diegetic (the characters cant hear it, such as a voice over)
The duration of the shot
The edit transition
My animatic is a guide to what my film will look like.
Here is my finished animatic:
I look forward to filming and seeing the finished product. I have decided on the location: the foundation room, and the actors: my friends Jack and Toby.
'Continuity task involving filming and editing a character opening a door, crossing a room and sitting down in a chair opposite another character, with whom she/he then exchanges a couple of lines of dialogue. This task should demonstrate match on action, shot/reverse shot and the 180-degree rule'
I made sure to include all that is outlined in the brief:
What happens?
The story told in my scene:
A character wanders into a room and she see's someone she knows
She goes over to him and sits down
They partake in some chitchat about what they are doing
She accuses him of stealing her pen asking "Is that... my pen?", he denies this by saying "No..."
She takes it anyway exclaiming "it is now!"
She proceeds to run of in a menacing fashion.
How is it told?
My character is walking down a corridor and enters a room. This is where I use match on action. Three consecutive shots show her opening a door, walking through it and the door closing.
The door opening and being entered.
The door being walked through.
The door closing behind the person who has just walked through.
Next the character looks around and sees someone the know, here is where the eyeline match is featured.
The character looking around.
What she sees (following her eyeline).
When the character spots someone they know a decide to walk over, here is where I demonstrate the 180-degree rule. I show my character walking right to left, in the next shot the camera is shown moving round the character to their other side where it remains for the rest of the scene.
Character walking right to left.
The camera moves round the character, the shot shown is its ending position.
Finally she sits down (on a chair, as outlined in the brief) and exchanges some dialogue with another person before the final action (or crime, if you will) takes place.
The eyeline match is similar to the shot/reverse shot technique in that the audience is shown what the character is looking at. It starts with a character looking off-screen, the next shot is of what the character was looking at. For example:
Here the character is looking off screen, the next shot is of the toaster. This makes the audience assume he is looking at the toaster. The shot shows what is in his eyeline.
To make sure the audience assumes two characters are looking at each other the shot/reverse shot technique is used.
In this scene it is demonstrated by Batman looking at the homeless fellow.
He looks off screen then the viewer is shown who he is looking at, and then shown what the homeless man is seeing. Also notice that the two characters are facing opposite directions, giving the impression they are looking at each other.
Match-on-action is when an action is started in one shot and continues in the next with the same energy. It can act as a distraction from accidental errors in the continuity such as items moving by them selves.
I filmed an example but it turns out my camera is broken but this video shows the concept well.
In one shot a page is being turned and in the next the action is still happening. To the audience it appears the action is happening continually rather than in two separate pieces.
